Shot time vs flow profiling
The relationship between shot time, flow rate, and pressure profiling, and how they shape espresso extraction and flavor.
Espresso fundamentals
Headspace and puck depth
How headspace and puck depth in the portafilter affect flow dynamics, extraction uniformity, and flavor in espresso.
Preinfusion and blooming espresso
How preinfusion and blooming techniques affect espresso puck saturation, extraction uniformity, and flavor outcomes.
Pressure, temperature, and flow
How pressure, temperature, and flow interact to control espresso extraction and flavor balance.
Brew ratios: ristretto, normale, lungo
The differences between ristretto, normale, and lungo espresso shots, and how brew ratio shapes flavor and strength.
Definition and brew parameters
The definition of espresso and the key parameters that govern its preparation.