Core espresso menu and ratios
The foundational espresso-based drinks, their traditional ratios, and how they define customer expectations across cafés worldwide.
Balanced flavor
Milk-coffee balance in classic drinks
How milk-to-coffee ratios define classic espresso drinks and how balance affects flavor, texture, and customer expectations.
Agitation, turbulence, and channeling
How movement of water through coffee grounds affects extraction uniformity, flavor, and potential defects.
Brew ratio and dose/yield math
How to calculate and adjust brew ratios, dose, and yield to achieve consistent extraction and desired cup strength.
Extraction yield and beverage strength
How the amount of coffee extracted relates to the final beverage strength and flavor.
Carbonate system and buffering
Explore how the carbonate system contributes to water's buffering capacity and its impact on coffee extraction.