Temperature profiling and surfing
How temperature profiling and temperature surfing influence espresso extraction, especially across roast levels and machine types.
Brew temperature
Immersion cold brew variables
The key variables that affect immersion cold brew—grind, ratio, time, and temperature—and how they influence flavor and strength.
PID control and temperature stability
How PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) controllers improve espresso machine temperature stability and extraction consistency.
Saturated vs semi-saturated groups
The differences between saturated and semi-saturated espresso group designs, and how they influence thermal stability and consistency.
Single boiler, HX, and dual boiler differences
The differences between single boiler, heat exchanger (HX), and dual boiler espresso machines, and how each impacts performance and workflow.
Grind size effects on flow
How grind particle size influences water flow, extraction efficiency, and flavor balance in brewed coffee.