Kettles and temperature control
The role of kettles and temperature control in home brewing, and how to choose the right tools for precision and consistency.
Coffee brewing
Water and energy footprints
The water and energy demands across the coffee supply chain, how they are measured, and strategies to reduce their environmental footprint.
Instant coffee: spray vs freeze drying
The two main industrial methods for producing instant coffee—spray drying and freeze drying—and how they differ in process, cost, and flavor preservation.
Scale accuracy and timing precision
Why precise measurement of mass and time is critical in brewing consistency and quality control.
pH, TDS, and conductivity
Understand how pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), and conductivity affect coffee extraction and flavor.
Total hardness vs alkalinity
Understand the difference between total hardness and alkalinity, and how each affects extraction and flavor in coffee brewing.