Degassing and CO2 curves
How roasted coffee degasses CO₂ over time, why it matters for freshness, and how to manage storage and brewing around degassing curves.
Espresso crema
Competition standards for milk drinks
The rules and expectations for milk-based espresso drinks in barista competitions, and how they influence café standards.
Foam formation and microfoam physics
How milk foam is created during steaming, the physics of microfoam, and why it’s essential for latte art and texture.
Consistency across locations
Why maintaining consistent water chemistry is critical when brewing coffee in multiple cafes or regions.
Key historical milestones timeline
In this topic you will see the major milestones in coffee’s journey from its legendary Ethiopian origins to its modern global presence, highlighting the turning points that shaped its cultural, economic, and social significance.
Industrialization and the rise of espresso culture
This topic explains how the industrial revolution transformed coffee production, distribution, and preparation, and how Italy pioneered espresso culture that reshaped the modern coffee experience.