Faster flow

Headspace and puck depth

Headspace and puck depth

How headspace and puck depth in the portafilter affect flow dynamics, extraction uniformity, and flavor in espresso.

Melitta and classic cone approaches

Melitta and classic cone approaches

How Melitta and traditional cone-shaped brewers function and how to optimize their use for balanced extraction.

Filter permeability and resistance

Filter permeability and resistance

How the physical properties of coffee filters affect water flow, extraction, and cup quality.