Basket geometry and flow
How basket geometry—diameter, depth, and hole pattern—affects espresso flow dynamics, extraction balance, and flavor outcomes.
Flow resistance
Calibration for espresso vs filter
How to calibrate a grinder for espresso versus filter coffee, and why the grind requirements differ between methods.
Grind distribution modeling
How grind distribution modeling helps researchers and baristas understand particle size variation, fines content, and its impact on extraction and flow dynamics.
Bed depth and hydraulic resistance
How coffee bed depth influences hydraulic resistance in espresso and filter brewing, shaping flow rates, extraction uniformity, and flavor balance.
Puck compressibility and porosity
How the compressibility and porosity of an espresso puck influence flow resistance, extraction uniformity, and cup quality.
Flow profiling and needle valves
How flow profiling and needle valve systems give baristas precise control over water delivery and extraction dynamics in espresso machines.