Flow resistance

Basket design and hole patterns

Basket design and hole patterns

How espresso basket design and hole patterns affect puck resistance, flow, and flavor consistency.

Recipe scaling and consistency

Recipe scaling and consistency

How to scale filter brewing recipes up or down while maintaining flavor balance and consistency across different batch sizes.

Filter permeability and resistance

Filter permeability and resistance

How the physical properties of coffee filters affect water flow, extraction, and cup quality.