Transportation and temperature
How transportation conditions, especially temperature and humidity control, affect roasted coffee freshness and quality during distribution.
High heat
Water and energy footprints
The water and energy demands across the coffee supply chain, how they are measured, and strategies to reduce their environmental footprint.
Instant coffee: spray vs freeze drying
The two main industrial methods for producing instant coffee—spray drying and freeze drying—and how they differ in process, cost, and flavor preservation.
Scorching and tipping causes
Understand why scorching and tipping occur during roasting and how to prevent them.
Water relations and drought tolerance
This topic explores how coffee plants manage water, how drought affects their physiology and productivity, and the strategies farmers use to improve resilience in water-limited environments.