Cup sizes, dilution, and perception
How cup size and dilution influence flavor perception, drink balance, and customer expectations in a café menu.
Milk foam
Core espresso menu and ratios
The foundational espresso-based drinks, their traditional ratios, and how they define customer expectations across cafés worldwide.
Competition standards for milk drinks
The rules and expectations for milk-based espresso drinks in barista competitions, and how they influence café standards.
Common faults and fixes
The most common milk steaming and latte art faults, their causes, and how to correct them for better texture, flavor, and presentation.
Milk-coffee balance in classic drinks
How milk-to-coffee ratios define classic espresso drinks and how balance affects flavor, texture, and customer expectations.
Stretching vs texturing phases
The two key stages of milk steaming—stretching and texturing—and how to balance them for ideal microfoam and latte art performance.