Flow-regulated extractions
How flow-regulated espresso extractions differ from pressure-based methods, and how they influence consistency, puck integrity, and flavor.
Modern machines
Pressure and flow profiling curves
How pressure and flow profiling curves influence espresso extraction, and how baristas and researchers use them to optimize flavor and consistency.
Energy efficiency and warm-up
How espresso machines manage energy efficiency, why warm-up time matters, and strategies to reduce energy use without compromising quality.
Preinfusion and blooming espresso
How preinfusion and blooming techniques affect espresso puck saturation, extraction uniformity, and flavor outcomes.
Pressure, temperature, and flow
How pressure, temperature, and flow interact to control espresso extraction and flavor balance.