Temperature profiling and surfing
How temperature profiling and temperature surfing influence espresso extraction, especially across roast levels and machine types.
Pid control
Essential gear and upgrade path
The core equipment every home coffee brewer should start with, and a suggested upgrade path for improving quality and consistency over time.
Energy efficiency and warm-up
How espresso machines manage energy efficiency, why warm-up time matters, and strategies to reduce energy use without compromising quality.
PID control and temperature stability
How PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) controllers improve espresso machine temperature stability and extraction consistency.
Common failure modes
The most frequent causes of failed espresso shots, how to recognize them, and how to correct them quickly.