Puck compressibility and porosity
How the compressibility and porosity of an espresso puck influence flow resistance, extraction uniformity, and cup quality.
Practical implications
Decaf green storage considerations
How decaffeination alters green coffee beans and what storage practices are needed to preserve quality before roasting.
Regulatory limits and labeling
The regulatory standards for caffeine content, safety limits, and labeling requirements that affect coffee products worldwide.
Individual tolerance and genetics
Why individuals respond differently to caffeine, the role of genetics in metabolism and sensitivity, and how tolerance develops over time.
Caffeine pharmacokinetics
How caffeine is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted in the human body, and what factors influence its effects.
Competition standards for milk drinks
The rules and expectations for milk-based espresso drinks in barista competitions, and how they influence café standards.