Boiler scale prevention and water path
How scale forms in espresso machine boilers, the water path it follows, and strategies to prevent buildup and maintain performance.
Soft water
Modeling puck resistance over time
How the resistance of a coffee puck evolves during the brewing process, influencing flow rate and extraction dynamics.
Water’s effect on flavor balance
How the mineral composition and chemistry of water influence the extraction and taste profile of brewed coffee.
Scaling vs etching in boilers
Understand the difference between scaling and etching in espresso boilers and how water chemistry affects them.
pH, TDS, and conductivity
Understand how pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), and conductivity affect coffee extraction and flavor.
Carbonate system and buffering
Explore how the carbonate system contributes to water's buffering capacity and its impact on coffee extraction.