Milk hygiene and storage
Best practices for milk hygiene, safe storage, and handling in a café or home barista setting.
Steam wand
Stretching vs texturing phases
The two key stages of milk steaming—stretching and texturing—and how to balance them for ideal microfoam and latte art performance.
Foam formation and microfoam physics
How milk foam is created during steaming, the physics of microfoam, and why it’s essential for latte art and texture.
Common repairs and diagnostics
The most frequent espresso machine repair issues, how to diagnose them, and best practices for resolving them safely.
Energy efficiency and warm-up
How espresso machines manage energy efficiency, why warm-up time matters, and strategies to reduce energy use without compromising quality.