Summary espresso

Energy efficiency and warm-up

Energy efficiency and warm-up

How espresso machines manage energy efficiency, why warm-up time matters, and strategies to reduce energy use without compromising quality.

Common failure modes

Common failure modes

The most frequent causes of failed espresso shots, how to recognize them, and how to correct them quickly.

Definition and brew parameters

Definition and brew parameters

The definition of espresso and the key parameters that govern its preparation.