Boiler scale prevention and water path
How scale forms in espresso machine boilers, the water path it follows, and strategies to prevent buildup and maintain performance.
Total hardness
Langelier and Ryznar indices basics
Understanding water stability indices and how they predict scaling or corrosion tendencies in coffee equipment.
Remineralization recipes and concentrates
Understand how to adjust purified or RO water using mineral concentrates to achieve ideal coffee extraction properties.
SCA water quality targets
Understand the Specialty Coffee Association’s recommended water parameters for optimal extraction and flavor balance.
Total hardness vs alkalinity
Understand the difference between total hardness and alkalinity, and how each affects extraction and flavor in coffee brewing.