Ristretto, normale, lungo targets
The differences between ristretto, normale, and lungo espresso shots, including their target brew ratios, extraction styles, and flavor outcomes.
Yield flavor
Brew ratios: ristretto, normale, lungo
The differences between ristretto, normale, and lungo espresso shots, and how brew ratio shapes flavor and strength.
Scale accuracy and timing precision
Why precise measurement of mass and time is critical in brewing consistency and quality control.
Clonal vs seed propagation
This topic explains the two main methods of propagating coffee—clonal propagation and seed propagation—highlighting their differences, advantages, disadvantages, and implications for coffee farming.
Castillo and disease resistance breeding
This topic explains the development of the Castillo variety in Colombia, its role in combating coffee leaf rust, and the broader importance of disease resistance breeding in coffee sustainability.